The initial clinical presentation and recognition depends on the severity and underlying cause of intellectual disability. Genetic abnormalities, inborn errors of metabolism and brain malformations are major categories of causes identified in severe to profound intellectual disability. More than 75% of persons who have intellectual disability have mild intellectual disability and an underlying specific etiology is less likely to be identified whereas, in a small percentage of persons with severe intellectual disability, an underlying specific biologic cause is highly likely to be identified. Both, the intellectual and adaptive functioning are measured using individually administered standardized tests. A diagnosis of intellectual disability is based on clinical history, level of intellectual ability and level of adaptive function. Between 1% and 3% of persons in general population are estimated to have some degree of intellectual disability.
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